Outcome of Revolt Essay Example for Free

Outcome of anarchy EssayMahatma Gandhi had compete the most important role in the immunity push ofIndia through with(predicate) with(predicate) his grassroots regulation of truth, non rage and Satyagraha. He entered in the political relational scenario in 1916 subsequently returning from a no-hit trial against discrimination faced by black people in southeast ward Africa. In India through mountain chain of deed for peasants and labourers in Champ arn, Ahemdabad and Kheda he entered the Indian scene. Then he reached the zenith of political scenario with his Non-Cooperation movement in embody of Khilafat movement and against J tout ensembleianwala Bagh massesacre by Dyer of people who were gathitherd for meeting against the Rowllat act. His next big movement was accomplished Obedience and in 1942 he planned the Quit Indiamovement, the movement guide by plebeian mass. subsequently that final blow British freedIndia on 15 Aug 1947.Though people think that Maha tma Gandhi played mean(prenominal) role in freedom struggle of India precisely what Mahatma Gandhi did it was not possible by anybody. He was the premier(prenominal) leader who under stand the role of masses and took steps to join it with the national movement.Before him zippo understands this fact that by merely movements by educated people or by violent activities British could not be uprooted. He was the man who awakened the real power the common man and with sleeve of non-violence, truth and Satyagraha they together demoralized British regimen and forced her to run.Another role he played as reformer he tried to uplift the berth of untouchables, tried to unite Hindus and Muslims and give puritanical esteem to women and their power.Mahatma Gandhi had played the most important role in the freedom struggle of India through his basal principle of truth, non violence and Satyagraha. He entered in the political scenario in 1916 later on returning from a successful struggle against discrimination faced by black people in second Africa. In India through chain of movement for peasants and labourers in Champaren, Ahemdabad and Kheda he entered the Indian scene. Then he reached the zenith of political scenario with his Non-Cooperation movement in support of Khilafat movement and against Jallianwala Bagh massacre by Dyer of people who were gathered for meeting against the Rowllat act.His next big movement was Civil Obedience and in 1942 he planned the Quit India movement, the movement led by common mass. After that final blow British freed India on 15 Aug 1947. Though people think that Mahatma Gandhi played average role in freedom struggle of India alone what Mahatma Gandhi did it was not possible by anybody. He was the low leader who under stand the role of masses and took steps to join it with the national movement. Before him nought understands this fact that by merely movements by educated people or by violent activities British could not be uproote d. He was the man who awakened the real power the common man and with apparatus of non-violence, truth and Satyagraha they together demoralized British government and forced her to leave. Another role he played as reformer he tried to uplift the status of untouchables, tried to unite Hindus and Muslims and give shore uper respect to women and their power. He was the maker of Modern India.After the freedom struggle got change surface to a greater extent than bad and passionate. Entire India was united together in the movement for freedom. E really cardinal contributed what they could in the freedom struggle. The cry of Purna Swaraj or blast emancipation was raised. After overmuch sacrifices and efforts, India gained its independence on the 15th August, 1947.Comparision- South African former chairwoman Mr. Nelson Mandelas First inspiration was Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation in India. The life and works of two leaders is almost similar and they are icon of these two n ations. The inside stories of their greatness give them an iconic status in all over the world.Mahatma Gandhi fought to establish the truth in a non-violence manner Mr. Nelson Mandela spent more the 27 year in Jail to establish the power of democracy in South Africa. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1993 for his contribution in the peace process in South Africa.The lists Mandela and Gandhi are often seen together because of their similar leadership style.They both(prenominal) fall upond independence for their countries through non-violent means. Mandela used non-violent strategies to achieve his political aims, similar to Gandhi.Mandela shared Gandhis vision of common humanity transcending racial and cultural to have derived strategies of non-constitutional protest.Mandela displayed much(prenominal) amazing leadership when he was co-awarded Indias Gandhi Peace Prize Both Gandhi and Mandela spent time in the same prison in Johannesburg, Fort prison.They had a broad commitment to non-constitutional action in the name of higher respectableice. The one was a man who fought against oppression with patience, self sacrifice, and good will for his enemies. The other was a man who fought against oppression with, violence, propaganda, and enmity cloaked in love towards his enemies.Both achieved there desired ends. The one went to his grave holding to his proclaimed ideals the other has tried to hide his true ideals as far as possible but time has revealed his true goals. ome people call Nelson Mandela, the greatest living Gandhian Their basic thinking is that Mandela is a follower of Gandhi thus establishing the superiority of Gandhi. exactly is it really so? Lets analyse a little deeper.There are more parallels between the freedom struggle in India and the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. India was occupied by the British, and South Africa was being ruled by the people from other community of European descent the Afrikaner. The struggle for freedo m in India was led by the Indian subject Congress (INC), and the struggle against apartheid in South Africa was spearheaded by the African National Congress (ANC). In both the countries, the ruling powers used very similar play to rule over the native people the main schema being Divide and Rule In India the British activated the Muslims to counter the INC, and in South Africa the White regime financed and armed the Zulus to kill ANC activists.The Muslim League (ML) was effectively led by a person, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, who for a tenacious time was also a member of the INC. The Zulu political outfit, Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), was led by, Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi, who was also at one time a member of ANC. The INC stood for all Indians irrespective of their religion, class or creed. So did the ANC. Reacting to the ML projecting a separate political identity for the Muslims of India, a small third native force, RSS, with Hindu nationalist agenda appeared in India. In South A frica also a third political party, Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) emerged declaring that Blacks are the real Africans again with not much outgo-selling(predicate) support. In both the countries, the main native oppositional parties selected separate homelands for their ethnic groups, in case of freedom from the imperialist powers. While the ML demanded Pakistan for the Muslims of India in the North-Western part of the country, the IFP demanded for an autonomous and sovereign Zulu king, (King Goodwill Zwelethini kaBhekuzulu), as head of cite in effect Zulu Land in the KwaZulu territory.In its struggle, the INC was led by Mahatma Gandhi, whom the country called Bapu, later the make of the Nation. In South Africa, the ANC was led by Nelson Mandela, cognise as Madiba, a fatherly figure for all South Africans. Enormous parallels in both the countries However, the contrariety is that while Gandhi could not stop the bifurcation of the country, Mandela did. As Jinnah gave a call fo r Direct Action Day in 1946 and the Hindu-Muslim riots broke out, Chief Buthelezi called on his chase to round out and kill ANC workers and other Blacks. In fact, riding on the back of the Zulu Land motion, there was also the demand for Volkstaat, or rather Boerestaat, floated by the extremist White supremacist outfit called Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) meaning Afrikaner incisivelyification front man, led by Eugne Ney TerreBlanche. The demands for Zulu Land and Volkstaat reinforced each other.Like the people of India, the natives of South Africa went through a period of extensive bloodshed the armed followers of Chief Buthelezi attacked Black townships and a people of innocent Black people lost their lives Nelson Mandela, the embodiment of South Africa, took all the pain on his chest, but did not surrender to the separatist agenda of the IFP Though near concessions were made and very watered kill demands of the IFP were accepted, a separate Zulu Land did not material ise, nor did Volkstaat South Africa was saved from getting divided into pieces. Along with the independence of India came the Partition. However, South Africa came out of apartheid as a wholesome nation. In short, where Gandhi failed, Mandela conform toed The question is what exactly made this difference. The perform may lie in the strategies the two leaders adopted in their political struggle. The main difference has been in their attitude towards non-violence.Unlike Gandhi, Mandela did approve of the use of violence against what he considered a stronger and brutal enemy. In the wake of the Sharpeville massacre on 21 March 1960, South Africas equivalent of Indias Jalianwala Bagh massacre, wherein 69 PAC protesters were killed and 180 injured in the police firing, the ANC, also banned along with the PAC after the incident, concluded that the Gandhian methods of non-violence were not suitable against the apartheid system. It was decided that violent tactics had to be used, which pr imarily twisty targeting and sabotaging the governments resources, though, of course, with an initial wish to minimise the bloodshed of well-bredians.In 1961, the ANC formed a array reference called Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), meaning Spear of the Nation, with Mandela as its first leader. Mandela coordinated a sabotage campaign against military and government targets, and made plans for a possible guerrilla war if sabotage failed to end apartheid.The MK launched guerrilla attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961. Mandela was arrested in 1962 and, along with many other ANC and MK leaders, was convicted of sabotage at the Rivonia tribulation in 1964. At the trial, Mandela admitted to the acts of sabotage. He was sentenced to life imprisonment on Robben Island. The ANC/MK carried out numerous bombings of military, industrial, civilian and infrastructural sites in the 1970s and 1980s as well. The tactics were initially geared solely towards sabotage, but eventually grow to include urban guerrilla warfare, which included human targets. One much(prenominal) attack was the Church highroad bombing on 20 May 1983, killing 19 people. The ANC even used necklacing (where a tyre would be put around ones neck, gasoline poured on it and set alight) to assassinate collaborators, such as black policemen and informers. In these attacks, scores of people were killed and hundreds injured.The Truth and Reconciliation Commission found several(prenominal) instances of torture and executions at ANC detention camps, particularly in the period of 1979-1989. The ANC was declared a terrorist organization, not just by the South African government, but by most of the Western countries including the US and UK. Even Archbishop Desmond tutu criticized the ANC for its willingness to resort to violence, arguing that non-violent resistance, such as civil disobedience, was more productive. But the use of violent tactics in 1961 was no aberration for Mandela. His belief t hat the non-violent means of Gandhi could achieve null is crystal clear from the obstetrical delivery Mandela gave on 11 February 1990 after his release from Victor Verster Prison in Paarl, in which he give tongue to Our resort to the armed struggle in 1960 with the formation of the military wing of the ANC (Umkhonto we Sizwe) was a purely en garde action against the violence of apartheid.The factors which necessitated the armed struggle still exist today. We have no option but to continue. We express the hope that a climate conducive to a negotiated settlement would be created soon, so that there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle. So, there was no question that Mandela would meet with those who criticised the use of violence by the ANC activists, wherein even civilians were killed. Though he declared his commitment to peace and expiation with the countrys white minority, through the above-mentioned speech Mandela put his stamp of approval on the ANCs three deca de long armed struggle and also made it clear that it wasnt over yet. The MK suspended its operations only on 01 August 1990 in preparation for the dismantling of apartheid. The heart and psyche number of people killed or injured in the 30 long time of the MKs campaigns is not known exactly, but the ANC leadership saw the MK as the armed component of a strategy of peoples war.Mandela explains the move to embark on an armed struggle as a last resort, when increase repression and violence from the state convinced him that many old age of non-violent protest against apartheid had achieved nothing and could not succeed. So, if Mandela believed that non-violent methods could not succeed in South Africa, how did they succeed in India? Or did they really? The INC passed Poorna Swarajya (Complete Independence) resolution at its Lahore conference in December 1929, and it authorized the Working Committee to launch a civil disobedience movement end-to-end the country. It was also decided t o observe 26 January 1930 as the Poorna Swarajya Diwas. However, despite the intermittent civil disobedience movements launched by Gandhi, nothing happened for more than a decade. In fact, the INC participated in the British controlled elections in February 1937 and took over the administration in various provinces, obviously implying that British rule would continue. Actually, the INC never believed that it had the strength or a strategy to achieve Poorna Swarajya.Immediately after observing Poorna Swarajya Diwas, Gandhi undertook Dandi March from 12 March to 06 April 1930 in protest against the Government assess on salt. Why was there a diversion towards a much smaller issue? Because Gandhi and his followers knew that through their civil disobedience movements they could only get some laws repealed, but not complete independence. Again, the Gandhi-Irwin obligation of 1931, the acceptance of the Government of India Act 1935 in the main, and then the participation in the 1937 elec tions only show that Poorna Swarajya was just a dream rather than a political goal for the INC. The INC demanded complete freedom from the British Raj in earnest only with the launch of the Quit India Movement in August 1942, after the failed talks with the Cripps tutelage in March 1942 who offered a limited dominion status for India in exchange for total cooperation from the INC during the war with Nazi Germany.However, as regards the Quit India Movement, firstly it petered out by 1943, and secondly it did become violent. Given the Chauri Chaura example, Gandhi was ideologically bound to withdraw it, had he not been in jail. So, again it would have come to nothing. And, even after running its full course, according to the former British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, the Quit India Movement had minimal impact. In Atlees view, the most important reason behind the British decision to leave India was the Indian National Army (INA) activities of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.As quoted b y Dhananjaya Bhat in his article RIN mutiny gave a jolt to the British an extract from a letter written by PV Chakraborty, former Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court, on 30 March 1976, reads thus.When I was acting as Governor of West Bengal in 1956, Clement Attlee, who as the British Prime Minister in post war years was responsible for Indias freedom, visited India and stayed in Raj Bhavan Calcutta for two days. I put it straight to him like this The Quit India Movement of Gandhi practically died out long before 1947 and there was nothing in the Indian situation at that time which made it necessity for the British to leave India in a hurry. Why then did they do so? In retort Attlee cited several reasons, the most important of which were the INA activities of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, which weakened the very foundation of the British Empire in India, and the RIN rise which made the British realise that the Indian armed forces could no longer be trusted to prop up the British. When asked about the extent to which the British decision to quit India was influenced by Mahatma Gandhis 1942 movement, Attlees lips widened in smile of disdain and he uttered, slowly, Minimal. (The Tribune, 12 February 2006, Spectrum Supplement).And, Attlees assessment is supported by historical facts. After the war, the stories of the Azad Hind Movement (Provisional Government of Free India in exile) and its army (the INA), that came into the public limelight during the trials of the INA soldiers in 1945, known as the Red Fort Trials, were seen as so inflammatory that, fearing mass revolts and uprisings in India, the British Government forbade the BBC from broadcasting their story. However, the stories of the trials filtered through. The British watched with alarm that General Shah Nawaz Khan, Colonel Prem Sehgal and Colonel Gurbux Singh Dhillon, defended by Jawaharlal Nehru himself at the trials, were perceived by the Indian public as the greatest among patriots (Michael Edward es, The Last Years of British India, 1964). Newspapers reported the summary execution of some of the INA soldiers. During and after the trials, mutinies broke out in the British Indian arm forces, most notably in the Royal Indian Navy in February 1946, which found huge public support throughout India, from Karachi to Bombay and from Vizag to Calcutta, aromatic of the scenario of the Rebellion of 1857 where the masses joined the mutineer soldiers in their march from Meerut to Delhi the only difference being, it was on a much larger scale this time.Not just Attlee, many historians have argued that it was the INA and the mutinies it inspired among the British Indian Armed forces that shattered the spirit and will of the British Raj to continue ruling India. In addition, the British people and the British Army seemed unwilling to back a policy of repression in India and other parts of the Empire even as their own country lay shattered by the wars ravages. So, its nothing else but a my th that India got its freedom through the Gandhian non-violent protests and civil disobedience movements. No doubt, civil disobedience movements won some concessions from the British rulers, and forced them to repeal or modify some of the laws. But an imperialist power, that had never left any of its other colonies whether Ireland or America without being pushed out through armed struggle, would not have walked away from the Jewel in the Crown just because they faced nonviolent protests.It was the threat of mass revolts, army rebellions and revolutionary violence becoming real behind the faade of Gandhis non-violent protests that broke the back of the British Rule in India. Had Britain not been weakened by the Second gentleman War, and had the INA not formed and fought against the British, it is very doubtful that India would have got its independence even in 1947.On the other hand, many historians argue that India would have won its freedom right in 1922, as the imperialist Bri tish rulers were shaken to the core by the Non-Cooperation Movement at the time and were on the verge of giving in. But Gandhi withdrew the Movement because of the Chauri Chaura incident wherein a mob set fire to a police station. Was that decision in the wager of the national freedom? Many scholars dont think so.Observers believe that the incident, while regrettable, did not deservingness the can cellation of a nations demand for political freedom. But to Gandhi, the image of greatness was more important than the freedom of IndiaThe time has come to think whether Gandhi was extreme in his belief in non-violence, and therefore, a failure? Whether the freedom movement was elevated and became more effective by adopting Gandhis non-violent approach, or did that strategy stall the struggle for independence? Being what he was, was Gandhi capable of running state-craft that entails use of violence? In South Africas first post-apartheid military operation, Mandela ordered troops into Les otho in September 1998 to protect the government of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili.Could one imagine Gandhi ordering troops into Bangladesh, Sri Lanka or Kashmir even at the invitation of the topical anesthetic government The thing to ponder over is whether the belief in a judicious use of violence made Mandela a more balanced statesman, and therefore more successful? Whether Gandhi, a great soul Maha Atma, as Indians call him was too angelic to be a politician? Whether Gandhis strategy best suited Indias cause, or was the country under his spell and suffered?Nelson Mandella- Peace, democracy and freedom for all South Africans. A united South Africa, he spent 27 years in jail he was inspired by Mahatama Gandhi, at first he used protest methods like boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience, noncooperation and mass rallies then after learning about gandhi he too clung firmly to the principles of non-violence for more than ten years and followed in the foot steps of Mahatma Gandhi. Nelson Mandela is a great person who has never thought about Indias freedom and never spent a single penny for Indians. Mahatma Gandhi spent several yeas in Durban (South Africa) for the welfare of the Africans. Mahatma Gandhi was very much dislike for clothes,Nelson Mandela has never been brave to walk naked. Mandela married thrice, and Mahatma Gandhi married only once. Mandela was oldest elected chairperson of South Africa and Gandhi has never been elected nor participated in any election was not interested to be famous., Mandela died in two ways or more, ( once in January 2001 CNN announced and published obituary,) but still alive in his dessert 93.But Gandhi died only once 30th January 1948, before India become Republic. Mandela is 29 years younger to Gandhi and Gandhi is 29 years elder to Mandela.